Which IPM category includes practices like rotation of crops and pruning?

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Cultural controls involve altering the crop environment to reduce pest pressure and make crops less favorable to pests, without using pesticides. Practices like rotating crops break pest life cycles by removing a continuous host and reducing pest inoculum in the field; pruning reduces pest habitat and improves air flow and plant vigor, which helps deter pests and slow disease spread. These approaches change how the crop is grown and managed, rather than relying on inputs like chemicals, so they fit under the cultural category of IPM. Legislation is about rules, mechanical refers to physical tools and traps, and chemical involves pesticides—none of these describe rotation or pruning.