What are the two methods to monitoring?

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Monitoring relies on two complementary approaches: visual inspection and counting and measuring. Visual inspection is about looking closely to notice signs of pests, damage, disease, or environmental cues in the field, on plants, or in traps. Counting and measuring provides quantitative data—how many pests are present, their density per area, plant height, leaf damage area, or other measurable indicators. Using both together gives a complete picture: you gain qualitative context from what you see and objective numbers to track changes over time and compare to action thresholds. For example, you might visually notice chewing damage and signs of a pest, then count the number of pests per plant and measure the height or damage extent to decide whether intervention is needed and to evaluate effectiveness after treatment. Soil sampling can be valuable in certain situations, but the two primary monitoring methods described here are observing and collecting counts/ measurements.